Sunday, December 29, 2019

African Americans in World War I

Fifty years after the end of the Civil War, the nation’s 9.8 million African Americans held a tenuous place in society. Ninety percent of African Americans lived in the South, most trapped in low-wage occupations, their daily lives shaped by restrictive â€Å"Jim Crow† laws and threats of violence. But the start of World War I in the summer of 1914 opened up new opportunities and changed American life and culture forever. â€Å"Recognizing the the significance of World War I is essential to developing a full understanding of modern African-American history and the struggle for black freedom,† argues Chad Williams, Associate Professor of African Studies at Brandeis University.      The Great Migration While the United States wouldn’t enter the conflict until 1917, the war in Europe stimulated the U.S. economy almost from the start, setting off a 44-month long period of growth, particularly in manufacturing. At the same time, immigration from Europe fell sharply, reducing the white labor pool. Combined with a boll weevil infestation that devoured millions of dollars worth of cotton crops in 1915 and other factors, thousands of African Americans across the South decided to head North. This was the start of the â€Å"Great Migration,† of more than 7 million African-Americans over the next half-century. During the World War I period, an estimated 500,000 African Americans moved out of the South, most of them heading for the cities. Between 1910-1920, the African American population of New York City grew 66%; Chicago, 148%; Philadelphia, 500%; and Detroit, 611%. As in the South, they faced discrimination and segregation in both jobs and housing in their new homes. Women, in particular, were largely relegated to the same work as domestics and childcare workers as they had at home. In some cases, tension between whites and the newcomers turned violent, as in the deadly East St Louis riots of 1917. Close Ranks African American public opinion on America’s role in the war mirrored that of white Americans: first they didn’t want to get involved in a European conflict, the quickly changing course in late 1916. When President Woodrow Wilson stood before Congress to ask for a formal declaration of war on April 2, 1917, his assertion that the world â€Å"must be made safe for democracy† resonated with African American communities as an opportunity to fight for their civil rights within the U.S. as part of a broader crusade to secure democracy for Europe. â€Å"Let us have a real democracy for the United States,† said an editorial in the Baltimore Afro-American, â€Å"and then we can advise a house-cleaning on the other side of the water.†    Some African American newspapers held that blacks shouldn’t participate in the war effort because of rampant American inequality. On the other end of the spectrum, W.E.B. DuBois wrote a powerful editorial for the NAACP’s paper, The Crisis. â€Å"Let us not hesitate. Let us, while this war lasts, forget our special grievances and close our ranks shoulder to shoulder with our own white fellow citizens and the allied nations that are fighting for democracy.†    Over There Most young African American men were ready and willing to prove their patriotism and their mettle. Over 1 million registered for the draft, of which 370,000 were selected for service, and more than 200,000 were shipped off to Europe. From the beginning, there were disparities in how African American servicemen were treated. They were drafted at a higher percentage. In 1917, local draft boards inducted 52% of black candidates and 32% of white candidates. Despite a push by African American leaders for integrated units, black troops remained segregated, and the vast majority of these new soldiers were used for support and labor, rather than combat. While many young soldiers were probably disappointed to spend the war as truck drivers, stevedores, and laborers, their work was vital to the American effort. The War Department did agree to train 1,200 black officers at a special camp in Des Moines, Iowa and a total of 1,350 African American officers were commissioned during the War. In the face of public pressure, the Army created two all-black combat units, the 92nd and 93rd Divisions. The 92nd Division became mired in a racial politics and other white divisions spread rumors that damaged its reputation and limited its opportunities to fight. The 93rd, however, was put under French control and didn’t suffer the same indignities. They performed well on the battlefields, with the 369th—dubbed the â€Å"Harlem Hellfighters†Ã¢â‚¬â€ winning praise for their fierce resistance to the enemy.    African American troops fought at Champagne-Marne, Meuse-Argonne, Belleau Woods, Chateau-Thierry, and other major operations. The 92nd and 93rd sustained over 5,000 casualties, including 1,000 soldiers killed in action. The 93rd included two Medal of Honor recipients, 75 Distinguished Service crosses, and 527 French â€Å"Croix du Guerre† medals. Red Summer If African American soldiers expected white gratitude for their service, they were quickly disappointed. Combined with labor unrest and paranoia over Russian-style â€Å"Bolshevism,† the fear that black soldiers had been â€Å"radicalized† overseas contributed to the bloody â€Å"Red Summer† of 1919. Deadly race riots broke out in 26 cities across the country, killing hundred. At least 88 black men were lynched in 1919—11 of them newly-returned soldiers., some still in uniform. But World War I also inspired fresh resolve among African Americans to keeping working towards a racially-inclusive America that truly lived up to its claim to be the light of Democracy in the modern world. A new generation of leaders was born from the ideas and principles of their urban peers and exposure to France’s more equal view of race, and their work would help lay the groundwork for the Civil Rights movement later in the 20th Century.

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Oliver Wendell Holmes Once Said That “Man’S Mind, Once

Oliver Wendell Holmes once said that â€Å"Man’s mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its original dimensions.† When I first heard this quote on the 29th of August, 2016, I wondered why Mrs. Robinson said this was our â€Å"essential question† of the year, now I understand. In class I learned how to dissect and analyze quotes well enough to the point that I can associate three different sources with each other and find a common theme. Through reading East of Eden by John Steinbeck, Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky, and watching the video Waking Life, a common theme is recognized, alienation. Whether it be from family or society, they are all displaying, alienation as a common theme within the characters, and today alienation is†¦show more content†¦Following that idea, it later states in the book, â€Å"Abra, my mother is a whore.’ ‘I know. You told me. My father is a thief.’ ‘I’ve got her blood, Ab ra. Don’t you understand?’ ‘I’ve got his.’ she said†(Steinbeck, 596). When Cal says â€Å"My mother is a whore. I’ve got her blood,† Cal reveals that he is ashamed of his mother by calling her a â€Å"whore† and is ashamed of his heritage when he says â€Å"I’ve got her blood,† so he isolated himself due to the fact that he is ashamed of his mother and feels as if he is alone. Abra then says â€Å" I know. You told me. My father is a thief,† and â€Å"I’ve got his (blood),† to display that Cal is not alone in being ashamed of parentage and afraid of one’s parents’ sins will taint them. Overall, Cal similar some children today isolate themselves because of parental issues such as favoritism and preference, and embarrassment of their parents life and choices. Next, in Crime and Punishment, the main character Raskolnikov alienates himself before and after he murders the old pawnbroker Alyona Ivanovna and her sister Lizaveta Ivanovna. Before the murder, the book, states â€Å"(Raskolnikov) kept aloof from everyone†¦ he was very poor, and there was sort of a haughty pride and reserve about him†¦ he seemed to look down upon(his comrades) as children, as though he was superior in development, knowledge, and convictions, as thoughShow MoreRelatedOne Of The Most Valued Amendments Written In The U.S. Constitution1463 Words   |  6 Pagessafety of their students (Darden). Colleges should restrict hateful speech on campus regardless of what rights are written in the United States Constitution, in order to protect students from being mistreated. Students have the right to speak their minds on school grounds, but when they are wrongfully speaking down on others a line must be drawn. Americans may state that freedom of speech allows people to hear new opinions, rather than focusing on their own points of view. This gives people the abilityRead MoreThe Meaning of Knowledge and Wisdom2046 Words   |  9 Pagesare in search of knowledge and wisdom hoping to find within these qualities the answers of life’s struggles or the strength to endure even the most burdensome trials that life holds for us. Gaining these qualities may take many a lifetime to achieve. Once one is in possession of either knowledge, they must keep a watchful eye on themselves, for they may ignorantly and selfishly use these qualities to hurt themselves or the ones they love. However, when one is possession of both knowledge and wisdomRead MoreGoophered Grapes Pre Ready 1 Essay example2710 Words   |  11 Pagesthis; At a moment in our history when New England was Americas literary Olympus, the men gathered that afternoon could be said to occupy the summit. They included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and several other gentlemen with three names and impeccable Brahmin breeding—men from the sort of families, as Holmes once noted wryly, that had not been perceptibly affected by the consequences of Adams fall. (Murphy) The bulk of the 30,000 readersRead MoreEssay about Leadership Profile of Deepak Chopra3313 Words   |  14 Pagessought in the servant-leadership and transformational models respectively. Detailed Profile Early Mentors (from Dr.Chopras autobiography): My most important mentors were my parents. My father was a very prominent physician and cardiologist. Once a week he would see patients free of charge for charity. And patients would come from all over the country, actually, to see him, on trains and buses. My mother would cook food for them and pay their bus fare and train fare. And my little brother andRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesmanagement from Millikin University, M.B.A. from Indiana University, and doctorate in operations management from the College of Business, University of Oregon. He is certified Scrum Master. v â€Å"Man’s mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its original dimensions.† Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. To my family who have always encircled me with love and encouragement—my parents (Samuel and Charlotte), my wife (Mary), my sons and their wives (Kevin and Dawn, Robert and Sally) and their children

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Death Of A Salesman

Death Of A Salesman- Overview Essay Death of a SalesmanCrazy WillyWilly Loman is one of the most tragic heroes in American drama today. He has a problem differentiating reality from fantasy. No one has a perfect life. Everyone has conflicts that they must face sooner or later. The ways in which people deal with these personal conflicts can differ as much as the people themselves. Some insist on ignoring the problem as long as possible, while some attack the problem to get it out of the way. In the case of Willy in Arthur Millers, Death of a Salesman, the way he deals with his life as a general failure leads to very severe consequences. Willy never really faced his problems in fact in stead of confronting them he just escapes into the past, whether intentionally or not, to those happier childhood times where problems were scarce. He uses this escape as if it were a narcotic, and as the play progresses, we learns that it can be as dangerous as a drug, because of its ability to addict Willy, and its deadliness. Willy is like an impetuous child who uses dilutions to escape his problems. The first time Willy is seen reminiscing is when he encounters Biff after arriving home from work. The conversation between Willy and Linda reflects Willys disappointment in Biff, and what he has become, which is for the most part a bum. , Willy Biff is a lazy bum;. After failing to deal adequately with his feelings, he hallucinates into a time when things were better for his family. It is not uncommon for one to think of better times at low points in their life. This is used as a defense mechanism so that they are able to deal with the problems they encounter, but Willy Loman takes it one step further. His refusal to accept reality is so strong that in his mind he is transported back in time to relive some of the happier days of his life. He gets taken back to a time when no one argued, a time when Willy and Linda were younger, the financial situation was less of a burden, and Biff and Happy enthusiastically welcomed their father back home from a long road trip. Willys need for this drug; is satiated and he is reassured that everything will turn out okay, unfortunately for the Loman family things are not that simple. In many instances in the play Linda actually has to snap; Willy out of it. The next flashback occurs during another discussion between Willy and Linda regarding the payments on the car. Willy is depressed about his inability to make enough money to support his family, his looks, his personality and the success of his friend and neighbor, Charley. My God if business doesnt pick up, I dont know what Im gonna do!;, is the comment made by Willy after Linda figures the difference between the familys income and their expenses. Before Linda has a chance to offer any words of consolation Willy blurts out Im Fat. Im very;#8212;foolish to look at, Linda;. Willy once again has managed to destroy his reality and is starting to come to terms with actual reality. His next dilution is he being visited by a woman with whom he is having an affair. He created this woman in his mind to boost his self esteem although very prevalent to Willy to the action in the play the woman does not exist. She raises his spirits by telling him how funny and loveable he is, saying, You do make me laugh. And I think youre a wonderful man. .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc , .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc .postImageUrl , .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc , .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc:hover , .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc:visited , .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc:active { border:0!important; } .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc:active , .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u18cf6b14f0f0434843f8e096e567e3bc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Physical Fitness (557 words) Essay;. When in his mind he is reassured of his attractiveness and competence, the woman disappears with a laugh, simultaneous to Lindas laughing at what he said, her purpose being fulfilled. Once again the drug has come to the rescue, postponing Willys eminent collision course with reality. Willys next trip; into the past is when he is fired from his job after requesting to be relocated. This is probably the most serious blow he takes in the entire play, because of his pride in his work. In fact this is such a big hit, that he

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Stanley Milgram obedience experiment free essay sample

Stanley Milgram Obedience Experiment One of the most famous studies of obedience in psychology was carried out by  Stanley Milgram (1963).  Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, conducted an experiment focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. He examined justifications for acts of genocide offered by those accused at the World War II, Nuremberg War Criminal trials. Their defense often was based on obedience that they were just following orders of their superiors. The experiments began in July 1961, a year after the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. Milgram (1963) wanted to investigate whether Germans were particularly obedient to authority figures as this was a common explanation for the Nazi killings in World War II. Milgram selected participants for his experiment by advertising for male participants to take part in a study of learning at Yale University.   The procedure was that the participant was paired with another person and they drew lots to find o ut who would be the ‘learner’ and who would be the ‘teacher’. The draw was fixed so that the participant was always the teacher, and the learner was one of Milgram’s confederates (pretending to be a real participant). There were a lot of things unethical about this experiment. The main one being that the participants were lied to be about what they were participating in. As a researcher, it was Milgrams job to invent an experiment were his hypothesis could be tested but also were participants would be informed of what they were participating in. This leads to the unethical issue that this experiment caused most of the participant’s extreme distress, which was an indirect result of them being lied to about the experiment. The fact they that also used the Yale campus and the Yale name of the fliers is also unethical since the article stated that Yale had no hand in the experiment, particularly as a safeguard should the experiment go wrong. This just added even more to the participants fake sense of assuredness that the experiment was legitimate and the false sense of security they felt that their psychological well being would be looked after, which is was apparently not from the study We are satisfied that no lasting harm was done to the participants. In our opinion, the Milgram experiments caused no harm, although they did reveal a basic flaw in the way most people respond to authority. The subjects were told that they could stop at any time and the calm orders to continue the experiment they thought they were participating in were merely a prod. They were not bound to a chair and told that they would not be unbound unless they complied. They complied willingly, even if against what their own conscience may have been telling them. Had there been someone actually wired up to receive voltage though That would definitely have carried it into the territory of harm. It’s fair to say that the debriefing at the end of the experiment eliminated both long and short-term problems. Participants were debriefed after the experiment and showed much relief at finding they had not harmed the student. One cried from emotion when he saw the student alive, and explained that he thought he had killed him. To Milgrams credit, he took pains to make sure his subjects suffered no lasting harm. Milgram did  debrief  his subjects. In other words, he revealed the true nature of the experiment. He also arranged a reconciliation with the learner as soon as the experiment was over, asking the confederate who played the role to come into the room and shake hands with the teacher before the teacher left. categories:Milgram also asked the subjects after debriefing whether they were very glad, glad, neither sorry nor glad, sorry, or very sorry to have participated. He found less than 2% in any group said they were sorry or very sorry. In fact, the subjects who had been most obedient, going all the way to the top of the shock scale, were most likely to say they were very glad to have participated in the experiment. Milgram explained to them everything that they needed to know so that no long or short-term effects would occur. Ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process. Moreover, even when the destructive effects of their work become patently clear, and they are asked to carry out actions incompatible with fundamental standards of morality, relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority (Milgram, 1964). Many of the experimenters were still confused on exactly what happened in the experiment. The short term effects would be that some of the people, might still be shaken up, experiencing nervousness and sometimes confusion from being reminded of the experiment. Was this experiment justified? To many no  ethics plays a major part in this experiment. Even though the participants were inform, how can you sit back and watch a person go crazy or have seizures off what you are doing to them. Had Stanley Milgram’s study been done before or during World War II, the Nazi’s would have definitely used this information to their defense. They would have used this as an excuse for their wretched behavior, even though their actions were completely inexcusable. The results from this experiment definitely removed responsibility from the individual. The Nazis’ could say that they were simply â€Å"following orders†. This could potentially be an example of institutional authority. Institutional authority is following orders or instructions from a higher power or group. They may lack in personal responsibility because they could blame the person for their actions by saying â€Å"they told me to†. The money was responsible for the findings. It influenced the participants to do what they were told. The money helped the participants to put their morals to the side even if what they thought they were doing was wrong. It was the drive that was pushing them to do the experiment. Nonetheless, paying someone doesn’t changes the dynamics of the situation. Throughout the experiment there was little said about money. It was more focused on the factor obedience played in the experiment. The article talked about the tension the subjects felt when being obedient and how relieved they felt when it was over. The subjects probably werent thinking about the money. Being paid is most likely what got people to sign up but their willingness to obey is what made them stay. Ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of killing an innocent human being.   Obedience to authority is ingrained in us all from the way we are brought up. Obey parents, teachers, anyone in authority etc.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Free Essays on Understanding Islam

This paper is about the book Understanding Islam written by Thomas W. Lippman. The book explains the basics beliefs and practices, Muhammad, the Koran, Law and Government, and Islam today. I chose to discuss three main themes, Zakat, the alms-tax, law and government, and the role of women in Islam. The first theme is Zakat, one of the five pillars of faith, stands for the alms-tax. The alms-tax is a mandatory donation to charity every Muslim must make. In the Islamic religion they strongly believe that the rich should give to the less fortunate. This is stated in the Koran; however the Koran does not specify how much should be given. The most common donation expected of a Muslim is 2.5 percent of the amount of cash and individual holds in savings or investments for a year. I think the Zakat is a good concept to have in one’s religion. It’s good because the money is actually going to the poor not the government or your church. Also 2.5 percent is not an unreasonable amount to ask for. A lot of people don’t give to charity and I think that more people should. If more people gave to charity then maybe the poor would have enough money or clothes to keep warm for the winter. The second theme is the law and government of Islam. One big difference between the United States and Islamic countries is the separation of church and state. This separation does not exist in Islamic countries because they believe their religion is also a way of life and should be the law of the land. Many of the laws come from prophets, such as Muhammad. An example of a law coming from Muhammad is, â€Å"Every Muslim has six obligations toward his fellow Muslim: he greets him whenever they meet; answers his call; wishes him well when he sneezes; visits him when he is ill; follows in his funeral when he dies; and wishes for him what he wishes for himself. These are some of the kinds of laws they have. Also they have rules for theft, murder and adu... Free Essays on Understanding Islam Free Essays on Understanding Islam This paper is about the book Understanding Islam written by Thomas W. Lippman. The book explains the basics beliefs and practices, Muhammad, the Koran, Law and Government, and Islam today. I chose to discuss three main themes, Zakat, the alms-tax, law and government, and the role of women in Islam. The first theme is Zakat, one of the five pillars of faith, stands for the alms-tax. The alms-tax is a mandatory donation to charity every Muslim must make. In the Islamic religion they strongly believe that the rich should give to the less fortunate. This is stated in the Koran; however the Koran does not specify how much should be given. The most common donation expected of a Muslim is 2.5 percent of the amount of cash and individual holds in savings or investments for a year. I think the Zakat is a good concept to have in one’s religion. It’s good because the money is actually going to the poor not the government or your church. Also 2.5 percent is not an unreasonable amount to ask for. A lot of people don’t give to charity and I think that more people should. If more people gave to charity then maybe the poor would have enough money or clothes to keep warm for the winter. The second theme is the law and government of Islam. One big difference between the United States and Islamic countries is the separation of church and state. This separation does not exist in Islamic countries because they believe their religion is also a way of life and should be the law of the land. Many of the laws come from prophets, such as Muhammad. An example of a law coming from Muhammad is, â€Å"Every Muslim has six obligations toward his fellow Muslim: he greets him whenever they meet; answers his call; wishes him well when he sneezes; visits him when he is ill; follows in his funeral when he dies; and wishes for him what he wishes for himself. These are some of the kinds of laws they have. Also they have rules for theft, murder and adu...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Lewis Jeans Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lewis Jeans - Case Study Example This calls for developing innovative designs and utilising information technology in your company to study the market. Rupert has asked me to address his findings which show several problem areas within your organisation that need to be evaluated. The first area covers the style of the product itself, and Rupert is concerned that the jeans produced by the company do not appeal to younger customers. This report will offer possible solutions to this problem by suggesting ways to establish positive brand recognition. A study of the market for jeans indicates the need to offer a unique style or marketing method that will bring younger buyers to Lewis Jeans. The next area of concern is the quality of the product. Because retailers are returning 15% of sales, it is important to test the quality of the jeans manufactured to see where the weaknesses are. By improving durability, the brand will eventually be known for its wearability in addition to style. One of the most serious problems to be addressed is the high turnover of the workforce. It would appear they might not have the incentive to commit themsel ves to the company. Because you communicate only with the managers at your different factories, you may be unaware of how your workers see the company. More interaction is needed with staff from your office to each factory to encourage employees to propose innovative ideas on how to improve sales. Finally, the cost of manufacturing your line of jeans is 25 per cent more than other clothing lines in the industry, and it is important to study the various stages of manufacture to see where savings can occur without impacting quality. The report will present suggestions on how to evaluate the company and show different methods of improving all aspects of your business by applying the SWOT Analysis and developing a balanced scorecard. As the CEO, you have the opportunity in such a small company to meet personally with all of your staff and make sure your managers are reflecting your beliefs on how the company should be run. Organization Structure and Culture In studying the structure of the company according to its diagram, it is immediately obvious that there are too many managerial positions at too many levels, and sales and marketing have no real connection to the rest of the company in any of its locations, including the main office. Restructuring after setting up a strategic plan for the future is recommended. The first step would be to apply a SWOT analysis, determining strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT). Strengths: Although a small company faces competition from major companies such as Levi, the benefit of a small company is the opportunity for leadership to interact with all areas of the business. Another strength is that the product has been successful in the past and by establishing a different marketing method and improving quality, the company can be successful again. Weaknesses: One of the most serious weaknesses for Lewis Jeans is the dependency of leadership on the telephone in a technological society. Another weakness is the high turnover of staff and lack of connection with the leadership. Opportunities: By restructuring the company and establishing new communication equipment, the company would

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Informal interview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Informal interview - Research Paper Example Other things are providing enough training to employees for the work they do, ensuring friendly atmosphere, ensuring adequate recreation, making the employees feel trusted by giving them decision making power, rewarding in group avoiding discrimination, regular meetings, and most importantly no favoritism in the organization discoursing backdoor tactics. The Details of the Interview Interviewer : How long have you been on this job, Mr. Ralph? Mr. Ralph : Well, I have been in the company for ten years now. Interviewer : Could you please tell me what the job of an HR Professional involves? Mr. Ralph : Broadly speaking, it is about proper staffing and proper employee relations. Interviewer : Fine. Would you explain the responsibilities assigned to an HR Professional in common? Mr. Ralph : Sure, the most common ones are coordinating the hiring process of new recruits, arranging orientation for new employees, developing and explaining HR policies, answering the queries of employees, perfo rmance consulting, ensuring safety at workplace, maintaining employee relations and so on. In fact, the list is too long. Interviewer : That is a fairly good explanation MR. Ralph. Actually, what is the qualification required to apply for a post in HR, say, in your company? Mr. Ralph : Well, the minimum qualification, as I generally observe, is a Bachelors Degree in Human Resource Management and certainly, work experience makes one more effective in the job. Interviewer : Fine, what qualities, in your opinion, makes a person a successful HR Professional? Mr. Ralph : I think, the very first quality required for this job is good communication skills. In addition, the person should possess good public speaking skills and writing skills. Good analytical and problem-solving skills are vital for the profession. Interviewer : Could you please explain the secret behind a successful new employee orientation program? Mr. Ralph : Sure, it starts with a welcome letter to the selected candidates . You know, it makes them feel welcomed. Then the orientation starts with giving the new employees a detailed description of the company’s procedures, history, target and work rules in the very beginning. The orientation is a one week procedure in which employees get familiar with the whole organization and the expected role they have to play. Interviewer : Well, Mr. Ralph, How do you make a new employee feel at ease? Mr. Ralph : It is very important to provide the new recruits enough time to become familiar with the organization, chances for open interaction and discussion in the beginning, clearing fears and doubts, encouraging friendship and providing respect. Interviewer : What advice would you give to someone who is going to become an HR Professional? Mr. Ralph : All employees are human beings. This is the basic thing all HR people should remember. Interviewer : Thank you Mr. Ralph for sharing your knowledge with me. The opinion that HR is mainly aimed at the welfare of the employees is shared by Jackson and Mathis (12) who opine the role of HR is to act as an advocate for the employees ignoring the success of the business to satisfy the needs of the employees. However, there are issues to be taken care of while handling employee issues. First of all, as Dessler and Varkkey (582) point out, it is necessary for managers to be familiar state and local statutes while handling em

Monday, November 18, 2019

Concept of Loyalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concept of Loyalty - Essay Example Loyalty is the exhibition of characteristics of commitment and devotion in order to strengthen a business or personal relationship. The concept of loyalty has its roots in all fields of life. A loyal person values the importance of faithfulness and dedication in carrying out daily activities of life. Loyalty always has a high appraisal value whether a person proves it to a person or to the organization for which he or she works. If we talk about loyalty in personal relationships, it is a fact that loyalty helps the people involved in a relationship build trust, faith, and confidence in each other. Whereas, in case of business relationships, loyalty plays its considerable role in strengthening the business terms between the involved parties. Loyalty not only shows its value in personal or business relationships but also it plays a critical role in the success of an organization or a business firm. The concept of loyalty is applicable to the employees as well (Green). Loyal employees a nd loyal customers make a firm grow and achieve reasonable market share. Employee loyalty is integral for the success of a business. Employees’ efforts, devotion, and dedication to their job responsibilities make a company reach a good position in the market and if the employees of a company will not be loyal to their company, the company will not be able to prove its worth in the market. It is true that a loyal employee is a key towards a company’s success.

Friday, November 15, 2019

3D Technology: Types and Uses

3D Technology: Types and Uses CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This report will focus on how different 3D technologies work, it will include the entire work flow, from recording the action, encoding the footage, playing back the media via a cinema projector or television and finally how the audience views the 3D film or video, whether it be through specially designed glasses or an auto-stereoscopic television. At present the most popular way to view 3D media is with the use of specialised glasses, the most popular being, active shutter glasses, passive polarised glasses and colour separationbased glasses. Wearing glasses to watch a movie is often mentioned as a negative aspect of 3D. There is a technology available that allows you to watch 3D on screens without wearing any additional glasses, it is called autostereoscopy, this will also be looked at. The health impacts that result from watching 3D will also be examined, along with factors that will prevent a person from being able to correctly view 3D images. There will be impacts on the entire industry from studios and cinemas to smaller production companies and independent producers if 3D films become the norm and these will be examined. A good place to start this report is to examine how two of the highest profile media companies around at present are currently viewing 3D technology. Phil McNally stereoscopic supervisor at Disney-3D and Dreamworks was quoted as saying, consider that all technical progress in the cinema industry brought us closer to the ultimate entertainment experience: the dream. We dream in colour, with sound, in an incoherent world with no time reference. The cinema offers us a chance to dream awake for an hour. And because we dream in 3D, we ultimately want the cinema to be a 3D experience not a flat one.'(Mendiburu, 2009) In the BBC Research White Paper: The Challenges of Three-Dimensional Television, 3D technology is referred to as a continuing long-term evolution of television standards towards a means of recording, transmitting and displaying images that are indistinguishable from reality'(Armstrong, Salmon, Jolly, 2009) It is clear from both of these high profile sources that the industry is taking the evolution of 3D very seriously, as a result this is a topic that is not only very interesting but will be at the cutting edge of technological advances for the next couple of years. This report will be covering the following things: What does the term 3D mean with reference to film and video A look at the history of 3D in film How does 3D technology work The implications of 3D on the film business and on cinemas The methods used to create the media and also the ways in which the 3D image is recreated for the viewer The reasons I have chosen to do my project on this topic is that I am very interested in the new media field. 3D video when accompanied with high definition film and video is a field that is growing rapidly. Earlier this year, on 02 April 2009, Sky broadcast the UKs first live event in the 3D TV format, it featured a live music concert by the pop group Keane, it was sent via the companys satellite network using polarisation technology. Traditionally we view films and television in two dimensions, this in essence means we view the media as a flat image. In real life we view everything in three dimensions, this is because we get a slightly different image received in each eye, the brain then combines these and we can work out depth of vision and create a 3D image. (this will be explained further in Chapter 3) There is a high level of industrial relevance with this topic, as 3D technology coupled with high definition digital signal is at the cutting edge of mainstream digital media consumption. Further evidence of this is that the sports company ESPN will be launching their new TV channel, ESPN-3D in North America in time for this years Summer Football World Cup. In January 2009 the BBC produced a Research White Paper entitled The Challenges of Three-Dimensional Television on this subject and over the next couple of years they predict that it will start to be introduced in the same way that HD (High Definition) digital television signal is currently being phased in, with pay-per-view movies and sports being the first take advantage of it. Sky have announced that their existing Sky+HD boxes will be able to broadcast the 3D signals so customers will not even need to update their equipment to be able to receive the 3D Channel that they are starting to broadcast later this year. On Sunday January 31st 2010, Sky broadcast a live Premier League football match between Arsenal and Manchester United for the first time in 3D to selected pubs across the country, Sky equipped the selected pubs with LGs new 47-inch LD920 3D TVs. These televisions use the passive glasses, similar to the ones uses in cinemas as opposed to the more expensive Active glasses which are also an option. (The differences between Active and Passive technologies will be explained in Chapter 8) It is also worth noting that at the 2010 Golden Globe awards, on acceptance of his award for Best Picture for the 3D Box Office Hit Avatar, the Canadian director James Cameron pronounced 3D as the future. At the time of writing this report (27/01/2010) the 3D film Avatar has just taken over from Titanic (also a James Cameron film) to become the highest grossing movie of all time, with worldwide takings of $1.859 billion. This is being accredited to the films outstanding takings in the 3D version of its release, in America 80% of the films box office revenue has been received from the 3D version of its release. In an industry where money talks, these figures will surely lead to an dramatic increase in production of 3D films and as a result Avatar could potentially be one of the most influential films of all time. After completing this dissertation I hope to be able to have a wide knowledge base on the subject and hopefully this will appeal to companies that I approach about employment once I have graduated. In the summer of 2010 when I will be looking for jobs, I believe that a lot of production companies will have some knowledge of 3D technology and be aware of how in the near future it may be something that they will have to consider adopting in the way that many production companies are already or soon will be adopting HD into their workflow. In order to ensure that I complete this project to a high standard it is important that I gain a complete understanding of the topic and study a variety of different sources when compiling my research. 3D media itself is not a new concept so there are a wide range of books and articles on the theory of 3D and stereoscopy along with anaglyphs. However in recent years there has been a resurgence in 3D with relation to film and TV. This is due mainly to digital video and film production making it easier and cheaper to create and manage the two channels needed for three-dimensional video production. It has proved more difficult to study books and papers on this most recent resurgence of 3D because it is still happening and evolving all the time. I have read various research white papers on the subject, which have been cited in the Bibliography, I have also used websites and blogs along with some recently published books, one of the problems with such a fast moving technological field such as 3D though, is that these books quickly become outdated. CHAPTER 2: HUMAN VISION In the real world we see in three dimensions as opposed to the two dimensions that we have become accustomed to when watching TV or at the cinema. Human vision appears in three dimensions because it is normal for people to have two eyes that both focus on the object, in the brain these two images are then fused into one, from this we can work out depth of vision, this process is called stereopsis. All of these calculations happen in the brain without the person ever even noticing, as a result we see the world in three dimensions very naturally. The reason that we see in 3D is because of stereoscopic depth perception. There are various complex calculations going on in our brains, this coupled with real experience allows our brain to work out the depth of vision. If it wasnt for this it would be impossible to tell if something was very small or just very far away. As humans, we have learnt to judge depth even with only one view point. This is why, if a person has one eye they can still manage to do most things that a person with two eyes can do. This is also why when watching a 2-D film you can still get a good judge of depth. The term for depth cues based on only one viewpoint is monoscopic depth cues. One of the most important of these is our own experience, it relates to perspective and relative size of objects. In simple terms, we have become accustomed to object being certain sizes. An example of this is that we expect buildings to be very big, humans are smaller and insects are smaller still. So this means that if we can see all three of these objects next to each other and they appear to be the same size then the insect must be much closer than the person, and both the insect and the person must be much closer that the building (see figure 1). The perspective depth cue (shown in figure1) was backed up when an experiment was carried out by Ittelson in 1951. He got volunteers to look through a peep hole at some playing cards, the only thing they could see were the cards and so there were no other types of depth cue available. There were actually three different-sized playing cards (normal size, half-size, and double size), and they were presented one at a time at a distance of 2.3metres away. The half-sized playing card was judged to be 4.6 metres away from the observer, whereas the double-sized card was thought to be 1.3 metres away. Thus, familiar size had a large effect on distance judgement'(Eysenck, 2002). Another monoscopic depth cue that is very effective is referred to as occlusion or interposition. This is where an object overlaps another object. If a person is standing behind a tree then you will be able to see all of the tree but only part of the person. This tells us that the tree is nearer to us that the person. One of the most important single view depth cues in called motion parallax, it works on the basis that if a person moves their head, and therefore eyes, then objects nearer to them, whilst not physically moving, will appear to move more than the objects in the distance. This is the method that astronomers use to measure distances of stars and planets. It is in extremely important method of judging depth and is used extensively in 3D filmmaking. In filmmaking, lighting is often talked about as being one of the key elements to giving the picture depth, and this is because it is a monoscopic depth cue. In real life the main light source for millennia has been the sun. Humans have worked out how to judge depth based on the shadows that are portrayed from an object. In 2D films shadows are often used to display depth by casting them across actors faces it allows the viewers to see the recesses and expressions trying to be portrayed. So far all of the methods that have been described for determining depth have been monoscopic, these work independently within each eye. If these were the only methods for determining depth there would be no need for 3D films as it would not add anything because all of these methods could be recreated using a single camera lens. This is not the case however, a lot of the more advanced methods used in human vision for judging depth need the use of both eyes, these are called stereoscopic depth cues. A great deal of stereoscopic depth cues are based around the feedback that your brain gets when the muscles in the eye are manipulated to concentrate your vision on a particular point. One of the main stereoscopic depth cues is called convergence, this referrers to the way that the eyes rotate in order to focus on an object (see figure 2). If the focus is on a near object, the eyes rotate around the Y axis and converge on a tighter angle , similarly if the focus is on a distant object the rotation means the eyes have a wider angle of convergence. It is a lot less stressful on the muscles in the eye to have a wide angle of convergence and look at objects far away, in comparison looking at very close object for any amount of time causes the muscles in the eye to ache. This is a very important factor that should be considered when creating 3D films, as it doesnt matter how good the film is, if it is going to hurt the audience it will not go down well. A second stereoscopic depth cue that we use is called accommodation, this is the way that our eyes changes focus when we look at an object at different distances, it is very closely linked with convergence. Usually when we look at an object very close up, our eyes will change rotation and point towards the object (convergence) allowing us to look at the item, our eyes will at the same time change focus (accommodation). Using the ciliarybody muscles in the eye, the lens will change shape to let more or less light in the same way a camera does, thus changing focus. In everyday life convergence and accommodation usually happen in parallel. The fact that we can, if we wish choose to converge our eyes without changing the focus means that 3D films are possible. When you are sat in the cinema all of the action is projected onto the screen in front of you, so this is where your eyes need to focus. With 2D films the screen is also where your eyes need to converge, but with 3D films this is not the case. When watching a 3D film the focus never changes from the screen, else the whole picture would go out of focus, but objects appear to be in front and behind the screen, so your eyes need to change their convergence to look at these objects without altering their focus from the screen. It has been suggested that this independence of accommodation and convergence is the reason for eye strain when watching a 3D picture as your eyes are doing something that they are not in the habit of doing (see chapter 12: Is 3D bad for you). It is also worth noting that our monoscopic depth cues work at almost any range, this is not the case with stereoscopic depth cues. As objects become further away they no longer appear differently in each eye, so there is no way the brain can calculate a difference and work out depth. The limit occurs in the 100 to 200-yard range, as our discernment asymptomatically tends to zero. In a theatre, we will hit the same limitation, and this will define the depth resolution and the depth range of the screen.(Mendiburu, 2009) This means that when producing a 3D film you have to be aware that the range of 3D that you have to use is not infinite and is limited to 100-200 yards. CHAPTER 3: Early Stereoscopic History (1838 1920) Three dimensional films are not a new phenomenon, Charles Wheatstone discovered, in 1838, that the mechanism responsible for human depth perception is the distance separating the retinas of our eyes . (Autodesk, 2008) In a 12,000 word research paper that Wheatstone presented to the Royal Society of Great Britain he described the stereoscope and claimed as a new fact in his theory if vision the observation that two different pictures are projected on the retinas of the eyes when a single object is seen.(Zone, 2007) Included in the paper were a range of line drawings presented as stereoscopic pairs, these were designed to be viewed in 3D using Wheatstones invention, the stereoscope. Wheatstone was not the first person to look at the possibility of receiving separate views in each eye, In the third century B.C, Euclid in his treatise on Optics observed that the left and right eyes see slightly different views of a sphere'(Zone, 2007). However, Wheatstone was the first person to create a device to be able to re-create 3D images. Between 1835 and 1839 photography was starting to be developed thanks to work from William Fox Talbot, Nicephore Niepce and Louise Daguerre. Once Wheatstone became aware of the photographic pictures that were available he requested some stereoscopic photographs to be made for him. Wheatstone observed that it has been found advantageous to employ, simultaneously, two cameras fixed at the proper angular positions'(Zone, 2007). This was the start of stereoscopic photography. Between 1850 and 1860 work was starting to be done by various people to try and combine stereoscopic photography with machines that would display a series of images very quickly and therefore using persistence of vision to create a moving 3D image. These were the first glimpses of 3D motion. In 1891 a French scientist, Louis Ducos du Hauron patented the anaglyph, a method for separating an image into two separate colour channels and then by wearing glassing with the same colours but on opposite eyes thereby cancelling out the image, thus reproducing one image, but in 3D. Another method used at this time to create 3D was proposed by John Anderton, also in 1891. Andertons system was to use polarisation techniques to split the image into two separate light paths and then employ a similar polarisation technique to divert a separate image to each eye on viewing. One of the main advantages of polarisation over anaglyphs is that they do not lose any colour information, this is due to the fact that both images retain the original colour spectrums. They do however loose luminance. It is common for a silver screen to be necessary, it serves two purposes, firstly the specially designed screen maintains the separate polarisation required for each image. It also reflects more light than conventional screens, this compensates for the loss of luminance. During 1896 and 1897 2D motion pictures started to take off, and by 1910 after a lot of initial experimenting the creative formats of film that we recognise today such as cuts and framing had started to become evident. In 1920 Jenkins, an inventor that worked hard to try and create a method for recreating stereoscopic motion picture was quoted as saying Stereoscopic motion pictures have been the subject of considerable thought and have been attained in several waysbut never yet have they been accomplished in a practical way. By practical, I mean, for example without some device to wear over the eyes of the observer.'(Zone, 2007) It is worth noting that this problem of finding a practical method of viewing 3D has still to a large extent not been solved. Chapter 4: Early 3D Feature Films (1922 1950) 4.1 The first 3D feature film The first 3D feature film, The Power of Love was released in 1922, it was exhibited at the Ambassador Hotel Theatre in Los Angeles. Popular Mechanics magazine described how the characters in the film did not appear flat on the screen, but seemed to be moving about in locations which had depth exactly like the real spots where the pictures were taken(Zone, 2007). The Power of Love was exhibited using red/green glasses using a dual strip anaglyph method of 3D projection. (Anaglyphs are explained in chapter 8.3) The film was shot on a custom made camera invented by Harry K.Fairall, he was also the director on the film. The camera incorporated two films in one camera body.(Symmes, 2006) Power of Love was the first film to be viewed using anaglyph glasses, also the first to use dual-strip projection. Also in 1922, William Van Doren Kelley designed his own camera rig, based on the Prizma colour system which he had invented in 1913. The Prizma 3D colour method worked by capturing two different colour channels by placing filters over the lenses. This way he made his own version of the red/blue anaglyphic print. Kelleys Movies of the Future was shown at Rivoli Theatre in New York City. 4.2 The first active-shutter 3D film A year later in 1923 the first alternate-frame 3D projection system was unveiled. It used a technology called Teleview. Which blocked the left and right eyes periodically in sync with the projector, thereby allowing you to see too separate images. Teleview was not an original idea, but up to this point no one had been able to get the theory to actually work in a practical way that would allow for films to be viewed in a cinema. This is where Laurens Hammond comes in. Hammons designed a system where two standard projectors would be hooked up to their own AC generators, running at 60Hz this meant that adjusting the AC frequency would increase or decrease the speed of the projectors. The left film was in the left projector and right film in the right. The projectors were in frame sync, but the shutters were out of phase sync.'(Symmes, 2006) This meant that the left image was shown, then the right image. The viewing device was attached to the seats in the theatre. It was mounted on a flexible neck, similar to some adjustable gooseneck desk lamps. You twisted it around and centred it in front of your face, kind of like a mask floating just in front of your face. (Symmes, 2006) The viewing device consisted of a circular mask with a view piece for each eye plus a small motor that moved a shutter across in front of either the left or right eye piece depending on the cycle of current running through it. All of the viewing devices were powered by the same AC generator as the projectors meaning that they were all exactly in sync. One of the major problems Hammond had to overcome was the fact that at the time film was displayed at 16 frames per second. With this method of viewing you are effectively halving the frame rate. 8 frames per second resulted in a very noticeable flicker. To overcome this Hammond cut each frame up in to three flashes so the new sequence was: 1L-1R-1L-1R-1L-1-R 2L-2R-2L-2R-2L-2R and so on. Three alternate flashes per eye on the screen. (Symmes, 2006) This method of separating and duplicating certain frames effectively resulted in increasing the overall frame rate thereby eradicating the flicker. There was only one film produced using this method, it was called M.A.R.S and displayed at the Selwyn Theatre in New York City in December 1922. The reason the technology didnt catch on was not due to the image, as the actual theory for producing the image has changed very little from the Teleview method to the current active-shutter methods which will be explained later. As with a lot of 3D methods the reason this one did not become mainstream was due the viewing apparatus that was needed. Although existing projectors could be modified by linking them up to separate AC generator, meaning no extra equipment was needed, the headsets that were required did need a lot of investment and time to install. All of the seats in the theatre needed to be fitted with headsets, these were adjusted in front of the audience members. These also had to be linked up to the AC generator so as they were perfectly in sync, this meant that they had to be wired in to the seats. These problems have since been overcome with wireless technologies such as Bluetooth as will be explained later. 4.3 The first polarised 3D film The next and arguably one of the most important advancements in 3D technology came in 1929 when Edwin H. Land worked out a way of using polarised lenses (Polaroid) together with images to create stereo vision. (Find more on polarisation in chapter 8.6) Lands polarizing material was first used for projection of still stereoscopic images at the behest of Clarence Kennedy, an art history instructor at Smith College who wanted to project photo images of sculptures in stereo to his students. (Zone, 2007) In 1936 Beggars Wedding was released in Italy, it was the first stereoscopic feature to include sound, it was exhibited using Polaroid filters. This was filmed using polarised technology. The first American film to use polarising filters was shot in 1939 and entitled In Tune With Tomorrow, it was a 15 minute short film which shows through stop motion, a car being built piece-by-piece in 3D with the added enhancement of music and sound effects. (Internet Movie Database, 2005) Between 1939 and 1952 3D films continued to me made but with the Great Depression and the onset of the Second World War, the cinema industry was restricted with its output because of finances and as 3D films were more expensive to make their output started to be reduced. Chapter 5: Golden Age of 3D (1952 1955) With cinema ticket sales plummeting from 90 million in 1948 to 40 million in 1951 (Sung, 2009) largely being put down to the television becoming coming in peoples front rooms the cinema industry needed to find a way to encourage the viewers back the big screen, 3D was seen as a way to offer something extra to make viewers return. In 1952 the first colour 3D film was released called Bwana Devil,it was the first of many stereoscopic films to follow in the next few years. The process of combining 3D and colour attracted a new audience to 3D films. Between 1950 and 1955 there were far more 3D films produced that at any other time before or since, apart from possibly in the next couple of years from 2009 onwards, as the cinema industry tries to fight back again against falling figures, this time though because of home entertainment systems, video-on-demand, and legal and illegal movie downloads. Towards the end of the Golden Age, around 1955, the fascination with 3D was starting to be lost. There were a number of reasons for this, one of the main factors was that in order for the film to be seen in 3D it had to be shown on two reels at the same time, which meant that the two reels had to be exactly in time else the effect would be lost and it would cause the audience headaches. Chapter 6: Occasional 3D films (1960 2000) Between 1960 and 2000 there were sporadic resurgences in 3D. These were down to new technologies becoming available. In the late 1960s the invention of a single strip 3D format initiated a revival as it meant that the dual projectors would no longer go out of sync and cause eye-strain. The first version of this single strip 3D format to be used was called Space-Vision 3D, it worked on an over and under basis. This meant that the frame was horizontally split into two, during playback it was then separate in two using a prism and polarised glasses. However, there were major drawbacks with Space-Vision 3D. Due to the design of the cameras required to film in this format, the only major lens that was compatible was the Bernier lens. The focal length of the Bernier optic is fixed at 35mm and the interaxial at 65mm. Neither may be varied, but convergence may be altered'(Lipton, 1982).This obviously restricted the creative filmmaking options and as a result was soon superseded by a new format called Stereovision. Stereovision was similar to Space-Vision 3D in that is split the frame in two, unlike Space-Vision though, the frame was split vertically, and they were placed side-by-side. During projection these frames were then put through an anamorphic lens, thereby stretching them back to their original size. These also made use of the polarising method introduced by Land in 1929. A film made using this process was called The Stewardess, released in 1969, it cost only $100,000 to make but at the cinema it grossed $26,000,000 (Lipton, 1982). Understandably the studios were very interested in the profit margin that arose from this film. As a result 3D once again became an interesting prospect for studios. Up until fairly recently films were still shot and edited using old film techniques (i.e. not digitally). This made manipulating 3D films quite difficult, this lack of control over the full process made 3D less appealing to film makers. The digitisation of post-processing and visual effects gave us another surge in the 1990s. But only full digitisation, from glass to glass from the cameras to projector lenses gives 3D the technological biotope it needs to thrive (Mendiburu, 2009). Chapter 7: The Second Golden Age of 3D (2004 present) In 2003 James Cameron released Ghost of the Abyss, it was the first full length 3D feature film that used the Reality Camera System, which was specially designed to use new high definition digital cameras. These digital cameras meant that the old techniques used with 3D film no longer restricted the work-flow, and the whole process can be done digitally, from start to finish. The next groundbreaking film was Robert Semeckis 2004 animated film Polar Express which was also shown in IMAX theatres. It was released at the same time in 2D and 3D, the 3D cinemas took on average 14 times more money that the 2D cinemas. The cinemas once again took note, and since Polar Express was released in 2004, 3D digital films have become more and more prominent. IMAX are no longer the only cinemas capable of displaying digital 3D films. A large proportion of conventional cinemas have made the switch to digital, this switch has enabled 3D films to be exhibited in a large range of cinemas. CHAPTER 8: 3D TECHNOLOGIES 8.1 3D capture and display methods Each different type of stereoscopic display projects the combined left and right images together onto a flat surface, usually a television or cinema screen. The viewer then must have a method of decoding this image and separating the combined image into left and right images and relaying these to the correct eye. The method that is used to split this image is, in the majority of cases, a pair of glasses. There are two brackets of encoding method, passive and active. Passive means that the images are combined into one and then the glasses split this image in to two separate images for left and right eye. In this method the glasses are cheaper to produce and the expense usually comes in the equipment used to project the image. The second method is active display. This method works by sending the alternative images in a very quick succession (L-R-L-R-L-R), the glasses then periodically block the appropriate eye piece, this is done at such a fast rate that it appears to be continuous in both eyes. There are various different types of encoding encapsulated within each of the two methods mentioned above. The encoding can use either colour separation (anaglyph, Dolby 3D), time separation (active glasses) or polarisation (RealD). A separate method, which does not require the use of glasses is done by using a virtual space in front of the screen and is called autosterescopic. In cinemas across the world at the moment there are several formats that are used to display 3D films. Three of the main distributors are Real-D, iMAX and Dolby-3D. Once a 3D film has been finished by the studios, it then needs to be prepared for exhibition in various different formats, this can include amongst other things colour grading and anti ghosting processes. At present there is not a universally agreed format for capturing or playing back 3D films, as a result there are several different versions, these are explained below. A large majority of the latest wave of 3D technology options send the image using one projector, so removing the old problem of out sync left and right images. The methods that do use dual projectors are much more sophisticated that the older versions used in anaglyphic films so have eradicated the old problems of out of sync projectors. 8.2 Gho

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Visions of Utopia in Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe :: Defoe Robinson Crusoe Essays

Visions of Utopia in Robinson Crusoe  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Daniel Defoe achieved literary immortality when, in April 1719, he published Robinson Crusoe" (Stockton 2321). It dared to challenge the political, social, and economic status quo of his time. By depicting the utopian environment in which was created in the absence of society, Defoe criticizes the political and economic aspect of England's society, but is also able to show the narrator's relationship with nature in a vivid account of the personal growth and development that took place while stranded in solitude. Crusoe becomes "the universal representative, the person, for whom every reader could substitute himself" (Coleridge 2318). "Thus, Defoe persuades us to see remote islands and the solitude of the human soul. By believing fixedly in the solidity of the plot and its earthiness, he has subdued every other element to his design and has roped a whole universe into harmony" (Woolf 2303). A common theme often portrayed in literature is the individual vs. society. In the beginning of Robinson Crusoe , the narrator deals with, not society, but his family's views on how he was bound to fail in life if his parents' expectations of him taking the family business were not met. However, Defoe's novel was somewhat autobiographical. "What Defoe wrote was intimately connected with the sort of life he led, with the friends and enemies he made, and with the interests of natural to a merchant and a Dissenter" (Sutherland 2). These similarities are seen throughout the novel. "My father...gave me serious and excellent counsel against what he foresaw was my design," says Crusoe (Defoe 8-9) . Like Crusoe, Defoe also rebelled against his parents. Unlike Crusoe, however, Defoe printed many essays and papers that rebelled against the government and society, just as Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World, did in England by depicting society languishing in social malaise (Marowski 231). It were these writings that eventually got Defoe charged with libel and imprisoned (DIScovering Authors). In Defoe's life it was the ministry that his father wanted him to pursue (Sutherland 2), but, instead, Defoe chose to become a tradesman (DIScovering Biography). The depth of the relationship between Crusoe and his parents in the book was specifically not elaborated upon because his parent's become symbolic not only of all parents, but of society. In keeping this ambiguous relationship, Defoe is able to make Crusoe's abrupt exodus much more believable and, thus, more humane.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

The Hippie Legacy

The Hippie Legacy. – Counterculture movement; began in US, spread to UK; big from 1965, declined in 1970s; white, 15-25 of age, mostly students; seen as wasters, druggies, idiots, green-freaks; heavily influenced by music (Jimi Hendrix, The Beatles); easily identified by their style – tried to distance themselves from conventional, structured styles. Britain: in Britain, there had always been an artsy, bohemian underground; widely known as ‘the underground’, even though media tried to dub them Flower Children in London; What did they do? eld sit-ins in universities, protested for rights; promoted ‘free love’ and ‘love and peace’; went to festivals such as the Knebworth Festival; experimented with drugs – cannabis, hallucinogens (LSD); often denounced alcohol; -> overall, dejected anything mainstream and conventional, thus many were seen as wasters, bums and as being useless. Legacy: movement declined in 1970s, after the infa mous ‘summer of love’, 1967. Social legacy: a couple can live together out of marriage and not be judged. wider rights for gay, lesbian, transsexual people. sexual topics are less of a taboo. eminist movement – women played a large role in hippie movement; many, both men and women, chose to go naked, creating an equality and freedom throughout. some argue that hippie movement led to wider integration of black people – many see this as being untrue as very view black people were involved in this movement; the black rights movement happened at the same time, so the results of the two could be blurred. Style legacy: long hair and facial hair were unacceptable before the 1960s; long, flowy dresses and skirts; colourful flower patterns, light materials, dip-dye; flowers worn in hair, peace sign accessories.Cultural legacy: The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix Experience; folk, psychedelic rock -> many current bands would use these as their musical influences. the Glastonb ury Festival in England is to this day considered to be the largest gathering of hippies throughout the world. in Britain, the summer of 1988 became known as ‘The Second Summer of Love’ as a hippie revival descended; it held much of the same ideologies as the original movement and was heavily driven by electronic and ‘acid’ music. eligion: religious and cultural diversity became more widely acceptable – in 2005, Oliver Benjamin, a former hippie, founded The Church of Latter-Day Dude, based on a character called The Dude in a 1998 movie ‘The Big Lebowski’. This became known as ‘Dudeism’. The epigraph on their website states: ‘Come join the slowest-growing religion in the world – Dudeism. An ancient philosophy that preaches non-preachiness, practices as little as possible, and above all, uh†¦lost my train of thought there. Anyway, if you’d like to find peace on earth and goodwill, man, we’ll hel p you get started.Right after a little nap’. environmental: started the concept of ‘Reduce, Reuse, Recycle’. Greenpeace, founded in 1971 by a dozen men – half environmentalists, half hippies. promoted organic living, which is currently very popular, especially amongst celebrities. Article in The Telegraph, 2007: ‘The hippy ideals that outlasted the 1960s’ â€Å"The 1960s were not, it appears, just a passing phase. A survey to mark the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love shows the hippy ethos has moulded our views on everything from war, government, sex, fashion, food and the environment.Almost half of Britons (46 per cent) agree with the slogan Make Love Not War and 49 per cent are opposed to nuclear weapons, a YouGov poll for Reader's Digest found. One in 10 have taken part in an anti-war protest while just over a third think there is never any excuse for war. Just under a third disagree with party politics – much like hippies, who were largely against the party system and preferred to focus on single issues like the environment.The idea of â€Å"free love† has also become mainstream, with 75 per cent agreeing with sex before marriage and one in 10 saying they would have multiple sexual partners. More than a third said they had taken marijuana, while 43 per cent said they were open to meditation and 25 per cent believe in astrology. The sounds of the 60s have also endured, according to the poll. Some 84 per cent of Britons are able to hum or recite at least part of Yellow Submarine and 79 per cent know Puff the Magic Dragon’.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Critical Theory and Other Challengers to Traditional Realism in International Relations The WritePass Journal

Critical Theory and Other Challengers to Traditional Realism in International Relations ABSTRACT Critical Theory and Other Challengers to Traditional Realism in International Relations ABSTRACTIntroductionRealism and Its CriticsRealism’s Continued Validity in an Era of Global CapitalismConclusionREFERENCESRelated ABSTRACT International relations (IR) has traditionally been a field dominated by classical realism (or neorealism) in which states are considered to be the chief actors on the international stage, which is an ‘anarchic’ system where no organizations, institutions or supra-national entities are able to control and regulate them.   This is especially true with Great Powers, empires and superpowers like the United States, which write the rules of them game while only adhering to them very selectively.   They not only control the smaller or weaker states, but the policies of international organizations, which are based on rational calculations of self-interest.   Over the last thirty years, unconventional alternatives, ranging from feminism to postmodernism to critical theory have challenged the hegemony of classical realism in IR theory.   This has been a necessary and welcome corrective to a field that was too heavily focused on issues of war, diplomacy and national securi ty, particularly in a period when the global capitalist system and the new technologies associated with it have been expanding exponentially, creating a more interdependent global system. Introduction No other factor in traditional international relations (IR) theory is as important as the central concept that states are the central actors on the world stage, and that they are motivated by self-interest.   For most of human history, the international system was one of ‘anarchy’ with no powers at a supra-national level to regulate and control the actions of states, and necessarily the Great Powers with the strongest militaries and economies dominated the world order (Reus-Smit and Snidal 2010).   Over the last thirty years, a confusing array of post-modernists, deconstructionists and post-structuralists, feminists and new theorists of globalization and global capitalism have challenged traditional realism on almost every level.   This caused a â€Å"civil war† within the discipline, with the critical theorists questioning the very existence of knowledge, rationality and reality, at least as they had been defined in the modern world after the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution (Brown and Ainley 2009).   It also led to increased scepticism about the traditional primary sources used in IR and diplomatic history, particularly the official government records of states and the diaries and letters of statesmen.   Even classical realist scholars like Kenneth Waltz found their text being deconstructed to search for hidden meanings about power and domination by Western capitalism and imperialism (Brown 1994).   As a result of all this controversy, however, the IR field has become more diffuse and pluralistic, less centred on the actions of states and ruling elites, or the policies and ideologies of the most powerful Western states. Realism and Its Critics International relations (IR) has become a pluralistic field with many meaning meanings over the last thirty years, a process that has also occurred in history, political science and the other social sciences during this critical period.   Before 1945, and indeed well into the 1950s and 1960s, it was simply taken for granted that a few Great Powers and empires controlled the world, although in more recent times, U.S. domination of Latin America or â€Å"Europe’s subjugation of the tropical world was forgotten on repressed in the memory of the discipline† (Cox 2010, p. 95).   No statesman or theorist in the past could have forgotten it, though.   In more recent times, IR longer concerns itself solely with war, politics and diplomacy between the Great Powers, but has been deconstructed and reconstructed to open the door to a host of new theories and approaches, including feminism, environmentalism, capitalist institutions and organizations, new technologies, non-stat e actors, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and international institutions like the United Nations, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO) and European Union (EU). Although the IR will never be the same again, these changes, even though difficult and controversial at the time, have been for the best.   They have certainly enlivened its discourse, at least, away from earlier preoccupations with war, peace, national security and rational actors (of the like thereof in the case of leaders like Hitler).   IR has no real consensus on theory today, if it ever did, but unlike the physical sciences , the social sciences have no â€Å"universal consensus†¦to define a field† (Brown and Ainley, p. 2).   It also has to explain what is occurring in the world when states are not at war with each other or threatening to go to war, which is actually most of the time.   It has been forced to accept a plurality of theories because it deals with a complex world over lengthy periods, and the actions of a very diverse hodgepodge of groups, interests and states (Brown and Ainley, p. 12).   For this reason, there also appears to be a â€Å"seem ing lack of progress for the field as a whole†, but the truth is that reality is just messy (Reus-Smit and Snidal, p. 5). Realism’s Continued Validity in an Era of Global Capitalism Stephen Walt and other realists still insisted in the 1990s that for all the verbiage about globalization and the New World Order, the Great Powers were still in control of the system.   At that time, the U.S. appeared to be the unchallenged superpower, which had never been the case during the Cold War, and therefore realism remained the â€Å"most compelling general framework for understanding international relations† (Walt 1998, p. 43).   Although its leaders often spoke the language of globalism and Wilsonian internationalism, in reality they still acted on American self-interest and felt free to support or ignore international organizations like the IMF, UN and WTO as they saw fit.   All American presidents have issued public pronouncements in the language of democracy, freedom and liberal internationalism, no matter that a close study of their actual records shows them to have mostly been following realist policies (Nye 2008, p. 99).   Few other countries were pow erful enough within the international system to enjoy this luxury, which has been particularly true during the current recession and the latest round of IMF-style Structural Adjustment Programmes.   Liberalism was still a useful theory for explaining the influence of international capitalism and domestic politics, which constructivism took into account changes in regimes, culture and ideologies among ruling groups that classical realism tended to overlook, but fundamentally the strongest nations and empires dominated the world order as they always had. Realists freely concede that new Great Powers are emerging in the world, and that China and India have the potential to become superpowers in the future, but still maintain that regional and global organizations like NATO and the EU exist because states find them useful.   Perhaps another world war is very unlikely, particularly in an age of nuclear weapons, but the Great Powers still intervene regularly in the poorer regions of the planet to control natural resources, just as they always did in the past   (Nye, p. 103).   When one nation becomes too powerful and hegemonic in the international system, as the U.S. did after the Cold War, other powers will form coalitions and alliances to limit its influence, which Russia and China have been doing in recent years (Nye, p. 74).   For realists, none of this is new, but just part of the normal balance of power in the international order. Conclusion Traditional realism, which was one the dominant theory in IR, has indeed come under a severe challenge in recent decades from a plethora of alternative theories and definitions, which were especially necessary for the field if it was going to account for all the new developments in trade, technology, and global capitalism in the ‘postmodern’ era.   It could not survive as a serious academic discipline if it simply relied on the theoretical knowledge that existed in the very different world of 1900 or 1950, or to assume that war and diplomacy among the Great Powers are still the only worthwhile and important events that must be explained (Brown and Ainley 2009).   This is not to deny the existence of empires, great powers and superpowers, or their tremendous influence in the international system, only to insist that the world has become more complex and pluralistic in reality over the last thirty years.   Global capitalism and its opponents, the expansion of trade a nd the development of new technologies have also made the world appear to be far more interdependent and interconnected than ever before, even though there are still few international institutions that have real power over the U.S. and the other Great Powers- at least not yet. REFERENCES Brown, C., 1994. â€Å"’Turtles All the Way Down: Anti-foundationalism, Critical Theory and International Relations, Millennium, Vol. 23, No. 2 (1994), pp. 213-36. Brown, C. and K. Ainley. 2009. Understanding International Relations, 4th Edition. Palgrave MacMillan. Cox, R. 2010. The Point is Not Just to Explore the World but to Change It, in in Reus-Smit, Christian, and Duncan Snidal (eds), The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, Oxford University Press, pp. 84-93. Nye, J. S. 2008. Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History, 7th Edition. Longman. Reus-Smit, Christian, and Duncan Snidal, Between Utopia and Reality: The Practical Discourses of International Relations, in idem (eds), The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, Oxford UP, 2010, pp. 3-40. Walt, S. 1998. â€Å"International Relations: One World, Many Theories†, Foreign Policy, 110, Special Edition: Frontiers of Knowledge (Spring 1998), pp. 29-32+34-46.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Representative Bart Stupak essays

Representative Bart Stupak essays Many associate the word courage with a comic book or stereotyped Hollywood hero. A larger than life character that somehow survives great destruction, braves great peril, and works against evil often against incredible odds. Most, however, dont understand the true definition of courage is to do what one believes is right, no matter what another says or does. To stand-alone in spite of ridicule, and believe without avail in a cause. The cause does not have to be anything great, and the act of courage does not have to be a grand gesture. A single vote can change the minds of a lot of people. Congressman Bart Stupak of Michigan must understand this definition because he did just that. Despite the voiced opposition of constituents and one of the countys most powerful lobbying arms, he chose to vote for what he believed, and even though his vote ultimately did not carry the day, his voice of courage was carried further into the minds of the populace. Stupak represents Michigans Upper Peninsula in the United States House of Representatives. In the U.P., hunting is a pastime and a part of the heritage. At the start of each hunting season, entire families descend upon forests and fields to engage the chase. They head out well prepared carrying food, water, and a gun to perform the deed. But despite the inherently dangerous nature, young and old are instinctively comfortable using a gun. Children grow up with guns, and it becomes as much a part of the family as the kitchen table. They are taught from a young age to respect its awesome power, and to never abuse its indelible result. They also learn to defend their right to own the gun, believing that the Constitutions Second Amendment guarantees that right. When someone comes along to take their guns away, they naturally respond with outrage. Stupak shares this sentiment. He was raised in the Upper Peninsula and now lives in Menominee, a small city on ...

Monday, November 4, 2019

The key to success ( grit) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The key to success ( grit) - Essay Example It is true from the talk that positive psychology linked to perseverance are part of grit. This is for the reason that changing one’s mid-set is pertinent to changing his or her grit. It is also important to note that these two aspects are key to realizing deliberate practice, a type of effortful activity that improves skills. Her belief that success can only be predicted by hard work is however questionable. For instance, a teacher who wants to predict success in her students would wonder how to get his kids to try harder. It is not that easy for a teacher to get learners determined and make them work hard if they lack a positive attitude. Secondly, there are so many more determinants of success, such as self-drive and self-motivation, which do not necessarily need hard work but the inner push and confidence in oneself. I totally agree with her that without grit, success cannot be achieved. This is because of her definition of the term as a multidimensional concept that involves so many learner-centered characters like perseverance, struggle, and self-determination. The other reason is that her research concerning grit is relevant in a way that it assures brilliant students that only those who set goals and stay focused to those goals even when life gets harder and even when inconvenience comes will achieve

Friday, November 1, 2019

United Nations Positive Role in Counter-Terrorist Policies Essay

United Nations Positive Role in Counter-Terrorist Policies - Essay Example These countries involved in those unilateral actions, even without the UN’s mandate, mainly to counter terrorism, or if, viewed from another perspective, in the guise of fighting terrorism. The UN despite this contemporary challenge of unilateralism is still relevant because these Western democracies themselves give that credibility (however quite belatedly) by involving the UN in the aftermath of the counter-terrorist actions. Apart from this role in various countries, the UN is optimally functioning and contributing as part of global development by involving themselves in various peacekeeping missions, humanitarian programs and other constructive processes. So, this paper will evaluate how the UN is playing a positive role in ensuring that the counter-terrorist policies of Western democracies do not hinder its global development aims. The UN was established after the Second World War as an overseeing international organization, which can prevent any more World Wars and also to take care of the basic issues concerning the world population. However, its spread and influence were restricted or kept at low levels due to the rise of ‘unipolarity’ in the form of American domination of world affairs. After the end of the Cold War, with Soviet Union’s disintegration, the U.S. became the sole superpower due to its military, economic and other strengths. This power status of U.S. started negatively affecting the functioning of the UN. The UN played its role with perfection in many circumstances but was made to ‘under perform’ by the U.S., making it irrelevant on few occasions. Western democracies have involved itself in various counter-terrorist actions all over the world. Although, in certain cases, it was unilateral, in other cases being a victim of terrorism, these countries carried out counter-terrorist activities with UN mandate.

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Natural Environment and the Urban Centres Essay

Natural Environment and the Urban Centres - Essay Example Sao Paulo was not a highly developed and industrialised city with a population of 65,000 in 1890 compared to Rio de Janiero of almost half a million. With the development of manufacturing enterprise in Sao Paulo, the population increased by 240, 000 in 1900s because of immigration. Sao Paulo constantly evolves into a productive city, which becomes the centre of manufacturing business that is the source of Brazil’s total industrial product. The Metropolitan of Sao Paulo has population of 16.4 million that implies of the need to extend the area from the centre, which accounts for 8,051 km (Cohen, 2006, p.38). Thus, as the population grows, the there is the larger need for space or area to accommodate residents. Cohen (2006) indicates that adjacent to the development is the transformation of the physical and social structure of a city. The attraction of huge investments to construct airports, manufacturing plants, and wide office space transferred to ‘urban fringe.’ The urban centre of Sao Paulo became the command area that dispersed in the regional or global operation, for example, telecommunications, law office, banking, information services, and management.Due to the development in Sao Paulo, it faces many environmental and ecological concerns such as sanitation, traffic congestion, and pollution. These signs are the effects of urban sprawl.   Pohanka (2004, p.242) defines urban sprawl as the ratio of agricultural lands converted to residential areas to shelter the growing population.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Holistic and Comparing Is the Methods of Assessments Essay Example for Free

Holistic and Comparing Is the Methods of Assessments Essay Write a statement explaining how you plan assessment with learners including planning for holistic assessments and comparing assessment methods and adapting methods to meet individual needs As assessment or evaluation is a method of judging the performance of an individual learner, therefore a written record of targets should be written out so that a learner knows what is expected of them and by when it should be achieved. The assessment method should allow the opportunity for reflection as each area of development is completed. It is a valuable source of information which can be used to help learners take control of their learning. When I first go out to visit a learner within the care sector I first establish if they know what their course entails any previous learning they already have. A discussion on their job role is also import at this time. I then get the learner to participate in a learning styles diagnostic in order to establish how they learn best, so that when it comes to providing help and support within their qualification, I can ensure that I provide the information in a manner which best suits their learning needs. I would also get them to take a maths and English diagnostic if they need to do the key skills or functional skills part of the framework. By doing this I can again find out areas which need further development and areas which they are competent in. The information I have gathered here I would place onto their annex A ILP, stating how I would best support them with their learning, i.e.:- booklets or discussions on problem topics. My next step would then be to carry out a skill scan with them to find out which parts of the Diploma framework they participate in and how confident they are in carrying them out. By doing this we can ascertain what areas of the NVQ would be suited to a particular learner. This information would again be added to the learners Annex A ILP By placing all of this information onto the Annex A ILP I can then look at the best way of going about assessing for each criteria taking into account learners individual needs using the best assessment methods for each of the learners i.e.:- *Test *Observation *Past experiences *Knowledge evidence *Question and answers *Witness Testimony It is import to clarify with the learner a safe and valid process of assessment which both assessor and learner are happy with and ensures that it is a suitable method for providing the required evidence needed to hit the required target. By ensuring that a holistic approach to assessment takes place in the planning and collecting of evidence, we can ensure that a wider scope of the frame work can be covered. For example if I go into a care home to observe a personal care activity I may also find that other areas are also covered such as communication moving and handling etc. The assessment method is about assessing whether or not the learner is competent within their field of work, assessing them against the framework set out within the NVQ framework. This can be achieved through using arrange of assessment methods *Test *Observation *Past experiences *Knowledge evidence *Question and answers *Witness Testimony With the range and flexibility of assessment methods available to a learner it has the advantage of allowing assessments to be individualised to the needs of individual learners. It also allows assessment to be carried out in a way that is highly individualised to the needs of the candidate, assessor and the area of work being assessed.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Political Allegory In The Book Animal Farm :: Animal Farm Essays

Political Allegory In The Book Animal Farm "Ideas play a part in any revolution, conflicting ideas is main reason why Revolutions happens. " This is the platform that George Orwell used in his book " Animal Farm". The political allegory in the story is mocking the Revolution that changed "Russia" into the "USSR". This was the workings of Karl Marx. Marx was known for being politically inspired by one idea. Marx wanted it to be that one class, the working class, and against another class, the rich or higher class. The Revolution was started by men who believed with Karl Marx's theory that the history of the world was the history of a struggle between classes between oppressors and oppressed. This happened in the book "Animal Farm by George Orwell" Orwell uses this example to base his book on. He makes the characters personify the major players in the Russian Revolution. Orwell uses this to form a well written piece of literature. In "Animal Farm" The Democratic society led by Mr. Jones the original leader of Manor Farm was overthrown by a policy called Animalism. Animalism was a theory concocted by the Old Major a Pig. In "Animal Farm" the pigs were personified as the smartest and the best among animals. The Pigs take control of the farm. The two major idealists Snowball and Napoleon have conflicting ideas. These ideas break snowball away from the rest of the group and make him leave Animal Farm. This lets Napoleon have total control. They set up a set of rules called the seven commandments. In the beginning everyone followed these rules such as no animal may kill another animal, no animal is better than another animal. This makes the leader Napoleon want to break the rules so he makes him and his fellow pigs more special, eating all the good food, wearing clothes, living in the farmhouse, and not working. As for the other animals big or small get the same rations of food, are not allowed to wear clothes, had to live in the barn, and were overworked. Marx, like other socialist thinkers of the 19th century, denounced the cruel injustices of industrial capitalist society as he saw it. He had a vision of ending "the exploitation of man by man" and establishing a classless society, in which all people would be equal. The only means to this end, he thought, was a revolution of the exploited (the proletariat) against the exploiters (the bourgeoisie), so that workers would own the means of production, such as the factories and machinery. This revolution would set up a

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Beware of the Long Load Time Problem when You Buy a Website Essays

Buying a Website? Beware of the Long Load Time Problem Numerous studies have show that, while most web designers use fast internet connections, the majority of their audience still use comparatively slower connections. Because of this, many designers create web pages that may load quickly enough on their own computers, but take excessively long to load on their audiences' computers. Many web designers have not dealt with this issue on their websites, resulting in the loss of a valuable audience, even though numerous ways of dealing with the long load time problem exist. The largest cause of long page load times is the graphical content of the webpage. While text generally does not take too long to load over most connections, images can adversely affect even the fastest connection speeds when used incorrectly. Because websites use images more than almost any other media, this problem affects web designing decisions for practically every website created. Many web designers use large, full-quality graphics on their websites, which often take up much of the page. These images, while very attractive, do not justify the long time they require to load. In addition, many designers use full screen graphical interfaces for their sites. Even when text is the main component of these pages, the graphical interface slows the load time to a crawl. This forces viewers interested only in the text to wait unjustifiably long for the graphical interface to load first. For websites created for image viewing, there are often numerous, large, high-quality images placed on a single page in a giant column. Even if a viewer wants to observe just one of these images, they must wait for the other unwanted images to load as well. All of these problems caus... ...o a different page. Many thumbnails can be placed on a single page, and their small size and high compression do not lengthen load times significantly. A thumbnail also gives viewers a preview of what the larger, full-quality image will look like if they click on a thumbnail, allowing them to decide beforehand if it is worth their time. In summary, too many webpage designers are misusing images in ways that cause websites to load far too slowly. They should instead take advantage the many solutions available for solving this problem when designing and implementing their sites. By not doing so, designers frustrate viewers and lose a valuable audience. Utilizing techniques for decreasing webpage load time will help web designers to expand their audiences and viewers to enjoy websites more fully, proving beneficial to those on both sides of the long load time problem.